eng 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2025-07 5 2 1 16 article M.K. Pazir dr.pazir@gmail.com 1 A.H. Ahmadi a_ahmadi1985@yahoo.com 2 M.A. Nazari ma.nazari89@gmail.com 3 Kh. Aein Jamshid khosrow.aein@gmail.com 4 M. Sharifinia moslem.sharifinia@yahoo.com 5 O. Jafari jaafari.omid@yahoo.com 6 S. Pourmozaffar 7 Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bushehr, 75169-89177, Iran. Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Nano and Bio Science and Technology, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, 75169, Iran. Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bushehr, 75169-89177, Iran. Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bushehr, 75169-89177, Iran. Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bushehr, 75169-89177, Iran. International Sturgeon Research Institute, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research (AREEO), Education and Extension Organization, Rasht, Iran. Persian Gulf Mollusks Research Station, Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecology Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar-e- Lengeh, 75145, Iran Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND), caused by pathogenic strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and other Vibrio species carrying the pVA1-type plasmid, has emerged as a significant threat to global shrimp aquaculture since its first outbreak in 2009. Characterized by severe hepatopancreatic necrosis and high mortality rates, the disease has spread rapidly across Asia, the Americas, and other regions, resulting in catastrophic economic losses exceeding $43 billion. The pVA1-type plasmid, which harbors the pirAB toxin genes, is central to the virulence of AHPND, enabling the production of binary toxins that disrupt shrimp cellular processes and lead to tissue damage. The plasmid's conjugative transfer capability facilitates its spread among Vibrio species and even to non-Vibrio bacteria, increasing the diversity of AHPND-causing pathogens. Environmental factors, such as poor water quality and high stocking densities, exacerbate disease outbreaks, while the shrimp's innate immune response often fails to combat the infection effectively. Despite advancements in understanding the pathogenesis of AHPND, including toxin mechanisms and plasmid dynamics, the disease remains a major challenge for the aquaculture industry. Effective control measures, including improved biosecurity, disease monitoring, and research into novel treatments, are urgently needed to mitigate its impact and ensure the sustainability of global shrimp production.   http://injvr.com/article-1-90-en.pdf AHPND pVA1-type plasmid Vibrio parahaemolyticus pirAB toxins shrimp aquaculture. eng 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2025-07 5 2 17 27 article M. Bayani shahri mbs1370and1991@gmail.com 1 R. Ghanbarpour ghanbar@uk.ac.ir 2 M. Jajarmi Maziar.jajarmi@uk.ac.ir 3 M. Savari majid.savari@ut.ac.ir 4 Graduated from Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Faculty member, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman Faculty member, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman Semnan University, Faculty of Shahmirzad College of Veterinary Medicine ERIC-PCR technique is a simple, fast and cost-effective genotyping technology to detect different types of Escherichia coli species and genetic fingerprinting. The present study was designed and carried out with the aim of determining the phylogenetic group and clonal relationship of Escherichia coli isolates obtained from hedgehogs. In the present study, 20 hedgehog feces samples were collected in Kerman city within 1 month and immediately sent to the veterinary faculty laboratory in less than 24 hours, and with the help of culture methods, one Escherichia coli isolate was obtained from each sample. After DNA extraction, PCR test was performed to trace the phylogenetic group of Escherichia coli isolates and to check the clonal relationship of the isolates by ERIC-PCR method. In this study, among 100 isolates, 43 isolates belonged to phylogenetic group A, 52 isolates belonged to a phylogenetic group B1, 3 isolates belonged to group D, and 2 isolates were undetermined. Also, based on ERIC-PCR, these 100 isolates were grouped into 31 ERIC types with more than 98% similarity. Also, the strains in the porcupine population studied, which were related to a specific and limited geographical area, have a significant similarity to each other. Escherichia coli strains isolated from hedgehogs, have been shown to be mostly non-pathogenic in nature. http://injvr.com/article-1-80-en.pdf Escherichia coli Phylogeny ERIC-PCR Kerman Iran. eng 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2025-07 5 2 29 39 article S. Namroodi snamroodi2000@yahoo.com 1 H. Staji hstaji@semnan.ac.ir 2 Department of Environmental sciences, Faculty of fisheries and environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) affects many species of carnivores. There is no CPV vaccination program for rural dogs that roam in high densities around the villages and the edges of the wild ecosystem in Golestan Province, Northeastern Iran. We analyzed CPV infection in rural and wild carnivores of Golestan Province. Fecal samples from 69 road-killed wild animals, including 50 golden jackals (Canis aureus), 3 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), 4 wildcats (Felis silvestris), 7 jungle cats (Felis chaus), and 4 Persian leopards (Panthera), as well as 55 rural dogs (Canis lupus), were analyzed via genomic DNA extraction, triplex PCR, and electrophoretic identification of CPV subtypes. We detected CPV in 13 (26%) of 50 sampled golden jackals and 18 (33%) of 55 rural dogs. The original CPV-2 genotype was not detected in any samples, but we identified CPV-2a in 4 golden jackals and 5 dogs, and CPV-2b in 9 jackals and 13 dogs. There was no statistically significant difference in CPV infection prevalence between male and female canids (p˃0.05). CPV infection varied seasonally, with higher prevalence in cold seasons than in spring and summer (p≤0.05). The prevalence of CPV infection was higher in younger canids than in older ones (p≤0.05). CPV infection in rural dogs and golden jackals highlights the presence of CPV in wild and rural ecosystems of the sampled areas, the necessity for the development and administration of a suitable vaccine for rural dogs, for continued research on CPV outbreak prevention, and for the development of rapid diagnostics. http://injvr.com/article-1-98-en.pdf PCR CPV-2a CPV-2b Canine parvovirus Wild animals Golestan Province. eng 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2025-07 5 2 41 56 article Z. Pourmand z_vet_79@yahoo.com 1 R. kazempoor rkbs_kh@yahoo.com 2 Sh. Kakoolaki bsh443@gmail.com 3 A. Khajerahimi AKR12783@gmail.com 4 A. ghorbanzadeh armangho@gmail.com 5 Resident in Aquatic Animal Health and Diseases, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Department of Aquatic Animal Health and Diseases, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Department of Aquatic Animal Health and Diseases, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Iranian Fisheries Science Research Department of Aquatic Animal Health and Diseases, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Assistant Professor of Ichthyo Pathobiologist, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Aquatic Healt and Diseases, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Natural compounds derived from plants possess antimicrobial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties, enhancing the immune system, promoting growth, and reducing stress in fish. This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with encapsulated powders of essential oils from garlic, black seed, and black caraway on the vital organs of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), specifically the kidneys, gills, and intestines. Due to the natural instability of essential oils, encapsulation was employed to preserve their therapeutic properties. Initial extraction of pure essential oils was followed by identification of their components using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and subsequent encapsulation using a fluidized bed dryer for improved stability. Rainbow trout were divided into experimental groups: a control group fed a basal diet, a black seed group (basal diet + black seed), a garlic group (basal diet + garlic), a black caraway group (basal diet + black caraway), and a combined group (basal diet + a combination of the three essential oils). The fish were fed these diets for eight weeks. Histopathological examinations revealed significant damage in the gills of the black seed and combined oil groups, characterized by hyperplasia and inflammation. In the kidneys, the combined group exhibited pronounced proteinuria and hemorrhage, while increased villi length and mucosal cell hyperplasia were noted in the intestines of this group. Results indicated that garlic oil had the most positive effect on tissue health, showing the least damage. Thus, garlic oil is recommended as a dietary supplement for improving the health of rainbow trout in sustainable aquaculture practices. http://injvr.com/article-1-84-en.pdf Essential Oils Histopathology Rainbow Trout Encapsulation Dietary Supplementation. eng 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2025-07 5 2 57 63 article D. Vosough Dvosough@uk.ac.ir 1 A. Dehghan Aboozardehghan@yahoo.com 2 M. Hamzehi mehrdadhamzei@yahoo.com 3 N. Karami nkarimi.vet@gmail.com 4 N. Razi raazi.vet.radiologist@gmail.com 5 A. Ghazi Behzadi Amirabasgh1376@gmail.com 6 A.H. Bakhashi 7 P. Parnianfar Parmidaparnianfar@gmail.com 8 A. Sadeghi aminsadeghhii@gmail.com 9 Department of Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun ,Iran Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, babol Branch, babol, Iran. Graduate in Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran-Iran Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran-Iran Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Department of Clinical Sciences Department of Clinical Sciences Scintigraphy is a diagnostic and therapeutic technique in nuclear medicine. Its first applications in the 1970s involved imaging organs such as the brain, liver, spleen, etc. By the 1980s, radiopharmaceuticals were employed for diagnosing cardiac conditions. Today, nuclear medicine is recognized for its high accuracy in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of various diseases. Key advantages of nuclear medicine include rapid disease diagnosis, assessment of disorder extent, real-time evaluation of disease progression, and precise reporting on surgical outcomes for specific patients. Renal scintigraphy, also known as kidney scanning or imaging, is a valuable technique for assessing kidney function. This method utilizes radioisotopes to examine both the function and anatomy of the kidneys. Other methods for assessing kidney morphology include radiology, ultrasonography, MRI, and computed tomography; however, scintigraphy offers the unique advantage of physiological imaging. Given the previously demonstrated blood flow-enhancing effects of saffron, this study aims to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze the kidneys of four healthy New Zealand White rabbits using the radiopharmaceutical 99mTc-DTPA. We will investigate and compare overall and individual GFR, peak times, and other parameters before and after the administration of saffron extract. Results indicate an increase in GFR and a reduction in peak time following saffron extract use. http://injvr.com/article-1-95-en.pdf Kidney New Zealand White rabbit Saffron Scintigraphy. eng 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2025-07 5 2 65 76 article Z.I. Aliyu juwairiyyah123@gmail.com 1 K.H. Ahmad khahmad@gmail.com 2 B.R. Gandi gandibr@gmail.com 3 K.Y. Kaboshio Kaboshiokk@gmail.com 4 J. Yayi kyuk@gmail.com 5 J. Ibrahim Ibrahim1@gmail.com 6 nil nil nil nil il nil Meat and meat products are constantly threatened by pathogenic antibiotic-resistant bacteria, leading to foodborne diseases and huge economic losses. Therefore, this research aimed to isolate and identify aerobic bacteria and their antibiograms from varieties of meat products sold within Kafanchan metropolis. A total of nine ready-to-eat meat samples were aseptically collected, including “balangu, kilishi, and tsire,” samples from each of Kafanchan ward A, Maigizo, and Takau wards, respectively. All the samples were processed according to the standard microbiological methods for bacterial isolation and identification. Five different bacteria were isolated and identified, including Bacillus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Enterococcus spp., Staphylococci aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The Kilishi sample recorded the highest rate of contamination, with 3/5 (60%) of the total bacteria identified compared to the other meat samples. All the bacteria identified in this study were resistant to all the antibiotics tested. The bacteria isolated from the tsire sample in Takau ward recorded the highest antibiotic resistance with a 0.9% MDR index, while bacteria from Kilishi samples recorded the lowest MDR index value of 0.3%. Regulatory agencies such as the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control, and Standard Organisation of Nigeria should ensure that food products are safe for consumption, that antibiotics are used appropriately at the recommended rate, and an accurate drug withdrawal period be observed during treatment of the animal before slaughter. http://injvr.com/article-1-91-en.pdf Aerobic bacteria Antibiogram Kaduna state Kafanchan Meat Phenotypic characterization. eng 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2025-07 5 2 77 86 article M. Seidgar seidgar21007@yahoo.com 1 A. Nekoueifard dr.nekuiefard@gmail.com 2 Z. Shiri shiri66411@gmail.com 3 National Artemia Research center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Urmia, Iran National Artemia Research center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Urmia, Iran National Artemia Research center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Urmia, Iran Freshwater crayfish of Aras dam, is one of the most important economic aquatic animals of Iran. Three specimens of Astacus leptodactylus maintained in a static culture condition in a concrete pool were examined for the occurrence of Branchiobdella sp. We reported for the first time the severe intensity of Branchiobdella kozarovi (mean=1359.3±43.6) isolated from the gills and exoskeleton of A. leptodactylus maintained in static culturen. All heavily infected specimens died. A culture system with non-circulating water is not suitable for freshwater crayfish maintenance.   http://injvr.com/article-1-94-en.pdf Astacus leptodactylus Branchiobdella kozarovi non-circulating water culture system. eng 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2025-07 5 2 87 99 article J. Abbasi jabbasi@ut.ac.ir 1 M.R. Mokhber Dezfouli mokhberd@ut.ac.ir 2 P. Shayan pshayan@ut.ac.ir 3 Department of Animal and Poultry Health and Nutrition,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,University ofTehran,Tehran ,Iran. Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,University ofTehran,Tehran ,Iran. Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Cryptosporidiosis, a common disease caused by a protozoan that can be transmitted between animals and humans, was the focus of our comprehensive and meticulously conducted study. The aim of this study was to detect the anti-Cryptosporidium antibodies in the colostrum of cows from several dairy farms near Tehran. We began by collecting fecal samples from diarrheic calves suspected of having Cryptosporidium infection. These samples were then subjected to modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining to confirm the presence of Cryptosporidium based on morphological structure and staining characteristics of the parasite oocysts. Subsequently, oocysts were isolated and purified from the fecal samples using modified 55% sucrose flotation to ensure the extraction of pure oocysts for further analysis. To investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in cows around Tehran, we collected 100 colostrum samples from four dairy farms in the region from the first milking of 100 cows of different ages. After removing the fat content from the colostrum samples, the detection of anti-Cryptosporidium antibodies was conducted using the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFAT). One of the key findings of this study is the potential protective role of anti-Cryptosporidium antibodies in colostrum. Of the 100 colostrum samples collected, 64 tested positive for these antibodies, while 36 were negative. Calves that received colostrum from the negative samples experienced severe diarrhea and excretion of oocytes. In contrast, calves that received colostrum from the positive samples showed no clinical symptoms and a significant decrease in oocyst excretion. These results strongly suggest that anti-Cryptosporidium antibodies in colostrum can provide significant protection against Cryptosporidium infection in calves. This finding could potentially revolutionize the health and well-being of cattle populations. http://injvr.com/article-1-93-en.pdf Cryptosporidiosis Colostrum Indirect immunofluorescence method Dairy cows. per 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2025-07 5 2 101 113 article A. Asghari 1 A. Choopani 2 N. Ghaedamini 3 Fazilati M. 4 A.M. Latifi 5 H. Salavati 6 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biologic Science, Payame noor University, Tehran, Iran Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biologic Science, Payame noor University, Tehran, Iran Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Bqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biologic Science, Payame noor University, Tehran, Iran Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Bqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biologic Science, Payame noor University, Tehran, Iran Spirulina micro-algae is a valuable green-blue algae, which due to its nutritional value, its medicinal properties, high protein, vitamins, minerals, and natural pigments It is widely used in various food, health and beauty industries, human food supplements, livestock, poultry, And aquatic animals. Free radicals cause many diseases in humans. Antioxidants eliminate free radicals that are active and destructive. Experts predict that our communities will face a cancer tsunami in the future, with new and modern uses of these algae having anticancer compounds to cope with cancerous diseases. In this study, the total antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract of Spirulina in three concentrations (10, 20, 30 ppm) was calculated using the DPPH method and was compared with ascorbic acid. Also, the assessment of Chlorophyll a, carotenoid, and Phycobiliproteins measurements of proteins measured in a 5-to-20-day growth period under laboratory conditions. Results: Based on the results of antioxidant activity measurements, the total alcoholic extract of algae at 10, 20, 30 ppm concentration was 23.18%, 40%,71.42%, chlorophyll a, carotenoids, allophycocyanin, phycocyanin, and phycoerythrin was calculated respectively 6.8, 3. 2, 41.08, 28, 14.8 µǥ/mgdw. In DPPH, the amount of ic50 of spirulina platensis calculated to be 23.69%. Conclusion: In this study, the antioxidant activity of the spirulina platensis strain of Iran has been investigated. According to studies, this strain was introduced as a rich and new source of natural antioxidants for further research and industrialization.   http://injvr.com/article-1-100-en.pdf Spirulina algae Antioxidant activity Carotenoids Chlorophyll a Phycobilyproteins per 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2025-07 5 2 115 123 article R. Nahavandi 1 K. Razmi 2 Animal Science Research Institute of Iran (ASRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran CSIRO Marine Laboratories, Australia Integrating macro and micro algae into aquaculture has emerged as a promising strategy for increasing the growth, development and safety of aquatic animals. This review provides a detailed analysis of the benefits and challenges of using both macro and micro algae in aquaculture and animal health. The emphasis is on their nutritional value, their impact on the environment and their potential for improving disease resistance and water quality. In addition, the review examines current research trends, future directions and possible applications of algal aquaculture systems. The use of algae in aquaculture is not new, but recent advances in cultivation techniques and nutritional composition have made them viable as a food supplement. Macro-algae, such as seaweed, are traditionally used as food and feed in coastal communities, while microalgae are gaining attention for their high nutritional value and bioactive compounds. Combining the two types of algae offers a holistic approach for improving the aquaculture process. In addition, the environmental benefits of algal-based systems are considerable. By using algae to take up nutrients and purify water, aquaculture can reduce its environmental footprint. This is particularly important in a sector under increasing pressure to adopt sustainable practices. The review will look at the details of how macro and micro algae contribute to these objectives and examine case studies where their integration has resulted in better results. Moreover, the economic advantages of algal aquaculture should not be neglected. By reducing reliance on traditional feed sources and minimizing waste, algae-based systems can provide aquaculture operations with cost-effective solutions. This aspect is of key importance for small farmers, who often face financial constraints when it comes to adopting new technologies. In addition to these benefits, algal-based systems can also contribute to food security by providing a sustainable source of protein for the human diet. As global demand for seafood continues to grow, the aquaculture industry needs to find ways of meeting this demand without jeopardizing the environmental sustainability of the sector. Systems based on algae offer a promising solution to this problem.   http://injvr.com/article-1-101-en.pdf Macro and micro algae Water quality Disease resistance Food security.