per 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2024-01 4 1 1 9 article F. Kies 1 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy Eutrophication is a serious environmental issue affecting many freshwater ecosystems worldwide. It occurs when excess nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, enter the water body, leading to growth of algae and other aquatic plants. Although it appears to be a harmless natural process, eutrophication can significantly impact physical, chemical, and biological properties of lake ecosystems. One of the most concerning effects of eutrophication is its impact on fish diseases. This essay will examine the relationship between eutrophication and fish diseases and discuss strategies to mitigate its effects. http://injvr.com/article-1-54-en.pdf Fish diseases Impacts of Eutrophication Environmental issues Biological characteristics per 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2024-01 4 1 11 24 article EY.A. Al-Jubawi 1 K.O.M. AL-humairi 2 Al-Furat AL. Awsat Technical University, AL- Musaib Technical College - Babylon, Iraq Al-Furat AL. Awsat Technical University, AL- Musaib Technical College - Babylon, Iraq The current study was conducted to find out the influence of yeast on fermented rations. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and to which the growth enhancer Bio Boost Aqua was added in different proportions to take into account some hematological and biochemical characteristics for common carp fish. The hematological results of the studied fish before and at the end of the experiment showed a significant (p≤0.05) superiority in T2 over the other treatments in RBC and PVC%, respectively (29.51±0.70; 2.85±0.07), while T1 and T2 recorded a significant decrease in leukocyte count at a rate of (25.70±0.14; 24.50±0.14) compared to the other experimental treatments before and at the end of the experiment. The results did not show any significant differences (p>0.05) in the hemoglobin HB levels of the test fish before and at the end of the experiment. The results of the analysis of white blood cells at the end of the experiment (neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes) showed that there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the experiments studied. While the white blood cells (the lymphocytes) in the control treatment showed higher rates with a rate of 36.01±1.45% compared to the other treatments which recorded lower values. The biochemical results in experimental fish before and at the end of the experiment showed an increasing value of total protein in blood serum in T2 and T3, which showed significant differences (p≤0.05) at rates of (2.15, 1.95)%. Glucose levels showed a significant increase in T4 levels (p≤0.05), reaching 76.5 mg/dL compared to the other experimental treatments where a decrease in levels was recorded before and at the end of the experiment. While the total cholesterol results for experimental fish before and at the end of the experiment showed that there were significant differences, T3 and T4 recorded higher values, reaching 76.49; 71.94 (mg/dl) compared to the other experimental treatments, which recorded a significant decrease in blood serum cholesterol analysis results p≤0.05. http://injvr.com/article-1-55-en.pdf Biochemical parameters Total protein Glucose Total cholesterol per 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2024-01 4 1 25 41 article H.H. Naji 1 W.A. Mohammed 2 A.D. Kuhdair 3 R.E. Sharhan 4 S.M. Abbas 5 Department of physiology, chemical, and pharmacy Veterinary Medicine Collage, Al-Qasim Green University, Iraq Biotechnology Department, College of Biotechnology, Al-Qasim Green University, Iraq Department of physiology, chemical, and pharmacy Veterinary Medicine Collage, Al-Qasim Green University, Iraq Department of Biology, Collage of Science, University of Babylon, Iraq Department of physiology, chemical, and pharmacy Veterinary Medicine Collage, Al-Qasim Green University, Iraq This study was aimed at the possibility of using garlic (extract and CNP-G) in alleviating anemia induced by phenylhydrazine, in adult male rats. Materials and methods: The chitosan nanoparticles containing garlic were prepared in the laboratory. Anemia was induced by phenylhydrazine intraperitoneal (20 mg/kg) for 2 consecutive days. A total of 60adult male albino rats were used in the present study, at the age of 2 months with body weight195±15gm were divided randomly to six equal groups (10 rats for each) and treated as follows for 8 weeks: CG:  This group animals left without any treatment like negative control.T1: animals in this group was induced anemia and untreated as a positive group.  T2: animals in this group are still normal but treated with a daily dose of 35.4mg/kg of extract garlic given orally by stomach tube. T3: animals in this group were induced anemia and treated with a daily dose of 35.4mg/kg of extract garlic given orally by stomach tube. T4: animals in this group still normal (no anemic) but treated with a daily dose of 35.4mg/kg of CNP-G given orally by stomach tube. T5:  animals in this group were induced anemia and treated with daily dose 35.4mg/kg of chitosan nanoparticles containing garlic given orally by stomach tube. At the end of the experiment, all animals were sacrificed and blood samples(5ml) were collected directly from the heart by the cardiac puncture. Results: Induction of anemia significantly (p<0.05) decreased PCV, hemoglobin concentration (Hb), and red blood cell count (RBC), while mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) significantly increased of anemic not treated rats compared to normal control rats. The total protein and albumin showed significantly decreased in anemic group but fibrinogen recorded a significant increase in anemic group as compared with control group. When rats received garlic extract and CNP-G reported increase in the blood electrolytes potassium and iron showed significantly increase in anemic group as compared with the control group. While, sodium and calcium recorded significantly decreased. After treatment by extracting and chitosan nanoparticles containing garlic the K+ and Fe+ increase in all treatment groups and Na+, Ca++ increased in all treatment groups. The result of hormone erythropoietin showed an increase in anemic group and decrease in treatment groups, while VB12 reported decrease in anemic group and increae in treatment groups. While, sodium and calcium recorded significant decreased. After treatment with extract and garlic loaded chitosan nanoparticles the K+ and Fe+ decreased in all treatment groups and Na+ , Ca++ increased in all treatment groups . Conclusion: This study suggests may be use of CNP-G as antianemic and ability to prevent hemolysis best from garlic extract. http://injvr.com/article-1-56-en.pdf CNP-G Anemia EPO VB12 Rat per 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2024-01 4 1 43 54 article M.I. Abubakar 1 S.D. Salaudeen 2 A. Yusuf 3 A. Abdulkadir 4 S. Pourmozaffar 5 I. Adeshina 6 L.O. Tiamiyu 7 Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Prince Abubakar Audu University, Ayingba, Nigeria Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria Persian Gulf Mollusks Research Station, Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecology Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar-e-Lengeh, Iran Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria African catfish is the single most cultured fish in Nigeria, and most culture systems depend on surface water abstraction. This has meant continuous exposure to emerging toxicants, including heavy metals. Arsenic is one of the widespread heavy metals present in the aquatic environment posing a threat to humans, animals, and fishes. To assess the effects of sublethal arsenic exposure to juvenile stage Clarias gariepinus juvenile, this study evaluated different sublethal doses of arsenic (20, 40, 60 mg/L) based on the estimated lethal (96 hrs-LC50) of 77.1mg/L. Behavioral responses, such as swimming activities, body weakness, surfacing, lethargy, loss of mucus, state of inactivity, and jumping, were observed. To keep track of the effect on tissue damage and oxidative stress response, we conducted enzymes activities assays to measure the activity of ALP, AST, ALT, CAT, and SOD. Results indicated that subacute exposure (96 hrs) to sublethal arsenic strongly distorted the normal behavior of African catfish. In which fish groups exposed to 20, 40, and 60 mg/l showed inactivity, increased mucus production, lethargy, and frequent surfacing. While exposure to sublethal arsenic showed no significant difference in hepatic enzymes activities (ALP and ALT), these exposures were noticeably (p<0.05) considering AST. Again, no significant differences in the antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT and SOD) in all fish groups exposed to sublethal arsenic. Overall, while there were no signs of oxidative stress, the significance reported in AST gives the reason to suspect sublethal arsenic concentration impacts African catfish tissue integrity. It is important to note that the behavioral-induced response may pose a risk to aquaculture stocks, as this may ultimately impact fish performance and fitness to aquaculture conditions. http://injvr.com/article-1-57-en.pdf Arsenic Toxicity Fish Mortality Oxidative stress per 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2024-01 4 1 55 59 article P. De los Ríos-Escalante 1 E. Ibáñez-Arancibia 2 Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile Salmon farming, mainly Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is the main productive activity in Chilean Patagonia (38-53°S), one of the main problems for Salmo salar farming is the infestation of sea lice Caligus rogercresseyi. The aim of the present study was to analyze the infestation rate of sea lice Caligus rogercresseyi on Salmo salar farmed in the Aysen region in central Chilean Patagonia (43-50° S). The results revealed the existence of a weak but not significant relation between latitude and infestation rate, whereas it was found inverse direct associations between temperature and salinity with infestation rate. The possible cause would be due in Southern latitudes, the temperature and salinity decrease, that are conditions that limit the infestation rate of Caligus rogercresseyi on Salmo salar in Southern Chile. The exposed results would be similar with literature descriptions, and would indicate that use of data science and machine learning can be a powerful tool for study of Caligus rogercresseyi infestation on Chilean farmed salmonids. http://injvr.com/article-1-58-en.pdf Salmo salar Caligus rogercresseyi Machine learning Parasites Chile per 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2024-01 4 1 61 66 article K.H. Sabbar 1 S.M. Kareem 2 F.H. Abbas 3 W. Amer 4 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Qadisiyah, Qadisiyah, Iraq Parasitology Department ,College of Veterinary medicine, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon 51013, Iraq Department of Biology, College of Science, Al-Qasim Green University, Babil, Iraq Department of Biology, College of Science, Al-Qasim Green University, Babil, Iraq The aim of this study to investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in domestic dogs and cats in Baghdad city during the period of 2/1/2023 to 30/5/2023, by using microscopic examination, 80 fecal samples collected from dogs (40 samples) and (40 samples) from cats. The results revealed that the total rate of Cryptosporidium infection was 17.5% and 27.5% in dogs and cats respectively by microscopic examination without significant differences (p≥0.05). The results showed that male and female (dogs) recorded 20.8% (5/24) and 12.5% (2/16) while in the cats recorded in male and female was 21.4% (3/14) and 30.76% (8/26) respectively rate of infection with Cryptosporidium spp. significant differences (p≥0.05). http://injvr.com/article-1-59-en.pdf Cryptosporidium Dogs Cats Modified Ziehl-Neelsen