per 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2022-07 2 2 1 11 article P. Salimi 1 R. Kazempoor r.kazempoor@riau.ac.ir 2 Department of Biology, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran. Department of Biology, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran. Nowadays, the use of probiotics is considered an alternative solution instead of using antibiotics. This study aimed to investigate the nutritional effect of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus on intestinal microbial flora and inhibition of Shiga toxin (Stx2) gene expression in zebrafish exposed to Escherichia coli O157:H7. For this purpose, 600 zebra fish were divided into four groups with three repetitions including feeding with a commercial diet without probiotics (C and T3) and feeding with a diet containing probiotics with a concentration of 1.5×108 cfu ml-1 (T1 and T2). The fish were fed for 24 days. Then T2 and T3 groups were exposed to E. coli O157: H7 for 72 hours. Sampling was done on days 0, 14, 24, and 28. The obtained results showed that feeding with probiotics led to an increase in the growth of lactobacilli in the intestine (p<0.05). Also, L. acidophilus decreased the expression of the Stx2 gene in fish exposed to the pathogen (p<0.05). Therefore, L. acidophilus used in the diet improved intestinal microbial flora and inhibited toxin production in zebrafish exposed to E. coli O157: H7. This pathogen is very important in terms of prevalence, nutritional role, and the effect of intestinal microbial flora in reducing the pathogenicity of E. coli. In addition, zebrafish is an animal model to investigate the pathogenicity of human pathogens. Therefore, the results obtained can be generalized to humans.   http://injvr.com/article-1-22-en.pdf Lactobacillus acidophilus Escherichia coli O157: H7 Shiga toxin Zebrafish per 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2022-07 2 2 13 18 article C.A. Masterson 1 T.R. Locklear 2 D. Páez-Rosas 3 J.P. Muñoz-Pérez 4 C. Ortega 5 G.A. Lewbart 6 S.L. Vaden 7 Intraocular pressure (IOP) is a quantitative assessment to help determine some pathology associated with the eye. Captive-reared Galápagos tortoises (Chelonoidis chathamensis) benefit from health assessments to make repopulation efforts as successful as possible. The goal of this study was to determine if intraocular pressure could be accurately assessed and to create a baseline measurement for intraocular pressure in Galápagos tortoises. Intraocular pressures were obtained from both eyes of 39 tortoises at the Galapaguera of Cerro Colorado on San Cristóbal Island during their health assessment examinations. The intraocular pressures were analyzed and compiled to determine a mean pressure of 13.38 mmHg±3.81 mmHg. Intraocular pressure is possible to obtain during health assessments in Galápagos tortoises, and additional measurements could lead to a reference interval.   http://injvr.com/article-1-32-en.pdf Intraocular pressure rebound tonometry Chelonoidis chathamensis eng 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2022-07 2 2 19 25 article R. Nahavandi rezanahavandi91@gmail.com 1 I. Adeshina melikanazemi@yahoo.com 2 H. Rameshi hrameshi@yahoo.com 3 S. Nooraei Safarmahasti@yahoo.com 4 Y. Abdollahzadeh abdollahzadeh1@ut.ac.ir 5 Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran. Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecology Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar-e- Lengeh, Iran Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. Aquaculture has become an important economic activity in many countries all over the world. Shrimp production is depressed by disease particularly caused by luminous Vibrio viruses. Many antibiotics don't work or make pathogens stronger and harder to treat. Antibiotics are also a concern because they help bacteria become resistant to them. Antibiotics, which have been used in large quantities, are in many cases ineffective, or result in increases in virulence of pathogens and, furthermore, are cause for concern in promoting transfer of antibiotic resistance to human pathogens. This review article provides a brief explanation on Probiotics and Prebiotics to improve the host's immunity which considered a replacement for antibiotics. Also critical review on the immunostimulants available from plants, animals, and chemicals against WSSV in shrimps,  the role of Immunostimulants for shrimp aquaculture and finally the microalgae which help to prevent and control diseases caused by Vibrio species. http://injvr.com/article-1-33-en.pdf Aquaculture Antibiotics Probiotics immunostimulants Vibrio Microalgae per 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2022-07 2 2 27 38 article G. Hemapoojavalli 1 S. Bragadeeswaran 2 CAS in Marine Biology, Faculty of marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu 608502, India CAS in Marine Biology, Faculty of marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu 608502, India Marine environment having an exceptional reservoir of bioactive products globally. Our research intended to explore the antioxidant potential of fish protein hydrolysates of Anguilla anguilla and Brachirus orientalis. The mucus extracts of the marine fishes were determined for their antioxidant activities such as DPPH radical scavenging activities, Nitric oxide radical inhibition assay (NO°), Hydrogen peroxide radical inhibition assay (H2O2), Superoxide radical inhibition assay (O2-), Assay for in vitro Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP assay) and Reducing power. Brachirus orientalis showed maximum percentage of activity against DPPH radical scavenging (62.12±0.51) and Nitric oxide radical inhibition assay (NO°) (61.12±0.31) compare to that of Anguilla Anguilla, Whereas the FRAP assay (59.22±0.43), Hydrogen peroxide radical inhibition assay (H2O2) (66.41±0.24), and reducing power assay (1.64±0.24) in Anguilla anguilla shows maximum activity compare to that of Brachirus orientalis. The Superoxide radical inhibition assay (O2-) was recorded same in both the fish species. This study indicates that the epidermal mucus of Anguilla anguilla and Brachirus orientalis pave way to develop novel natural antioxidants or new therapeutic agents.   http://injvr.com/article-1-34-en.pdf Anguilla anguilla Brachirus orientalis Nitric oxide assay DPPH Reducing power assay per 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2022-07 2 2 39 45 article Sh. Fakour Fakours@iausdj.ac.ir 1 Department of Clinical sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University. In Ghorveh area, city of Kurdistan provinces in Iran, there are channels of arsenic and other geogenic toxic chemical compounds. The aim of this study is to determine the level of arsenic in goat`s blood, wool and liver at Ghorveh and other villages.  55 goats including both sexes in the age groups less than 1 year, 1-3 years and above 3 years were randomly chosen, and their blood and wool were collected as samples of the study, in addition to these samples 10 goat’s liver also were taken from the slaughterhouse of the mentioned area to be examined. The results indicated that arsenic concentration in the sample’s blood was significant higher than normal levels (Mean values are more than 12.038±5.025 ppb comparing to the normal amount that is 2.92 ppb), which shown significant difference statistically (p≤0.05). The mean concentration of arsenic in the wool and liver of goats are 18.566±10.026 ppb and 9.823±3.245 ppb respectively, which in comparison to the normal concentrations do not show significant difference statistically (p≥0.05). Also there is no significant correlation between arsenic concentration existing in the goat’s blood, wool and liver and variables of age and sex (p≥0.05).However, being high level of arsenic concentration in the blood of goats reveals the high level of arsenic in the environment and food of Ghorveh area which can be a serious threat to public health and other creatures. So, it is advised to do further and comprehensive studies in large scale.   http://injvr.com/article-1-35-en.pdf Arsenic Blood Wool Liver Kurdistan Iran per 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2022-07 2 2 47 53 article I. Adeshinaa 1 M.I. Abubakar 2 R. Abdulateef 3 Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. Fish is capable of harbouring disease and therefore, must be safe and free of infectious pathogens if aquaculture should fulfill its potential. Infectious disease has been one of the major causes of death worldwide in recent times. This study examined the occurrence of Klebsiella species in fish organs in Ilorin metropolis. A total of 108 organs (gill, intestine and liver) were collected and examined for Klebsiella investigation. The samples were examined using standard techniques, biochemical characterization were used in this study and data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results shows that all the 108 organ collected were Klebsiella species positive.   http://injvr.com/article-1-45-en.pdf Klebsiella Distribution Disease and infection