eng 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2026-01 6 1 1 12 article S. Khanamani Falahatipour falahatipour@ut.ac.ir 1 S. Shokrpoor shokrpoor@ut.ac.ir 2 G. Sadeghi Hashjin gsadeghi@ut.ac.ir 3 M. Mohammadi Mazlaghani s.shokrpoor@gmail.com 4 L. Mandrioli 5 Department of Comparative Bioscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Department of Comparative Bioscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Department of Veterinary Medical Sciances, University of Bologna, Italy Cutaneous wounds pose significant clinical challenges by disrupting the body’s protective barrier, necessitating optimized healing strategies to improve patient outcomes. Hyaluronic acid (HA) facilitates tissue repair, while azelaic acid (AzA) exhibits anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. This study evaluated the synergistic effects of topical HA and AzA on wound healing in a rabbit model. Standardized full-thickness wounds (6 mm diameter, 2 mm depth) were created using a skin punch. Treatments with HA and AzA were applied every 12 hours for 14 days, while control wounds received a placebo solution. Tissue samples were collected on days 7 and 14 for histopathological examination using hematoxylin & eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. The treatment group showed complete epidermal coverage, well-organized granulation tissue, enhanced collagen deposition, and reduced inflammation compared to controls, which exhibited incomplete regeneration and disorganized cellular structures. These findings demonstrate that combined topical application of HA and AzA significantly accelerates cutaneous wound healing, highlighting its potential clinical utility for improved tissue repair. http://injvr.com/article-1-104-en.pdf Rabbit Hyaluronic Acid Azelaic Acid Wound Healing Pathology eng 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2026-01 6 1 13 23 article H. Gonabadi hadisegonabadi@gmail.com 1 E. Mohammadi e_mohammadi@uk.ac.ir 2 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Leptospirosis is a globally significant zoonotic disease, prevalent in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions. The causative agents are spiral-shaped aerobic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira, classified into saprophytic (L. biflexa) and pathogenic (L. interrogans) species. Environmental and anthropogenic factors such as climate change, heavy rainfall, flooding, poor sanitation, improper waste management, and high reservoir host populations (e.g., rodents) contribute to transmission. Clinical manifestations in dogs range from mild fever to severe organ damage. Transmission occurs via direct contact with infected animals or through exposure to contaminated soil and water. Due to slow bacterial growth and absence of specific antibodies during early infection, culture and serological tests have limited diagnostic value. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with high sensitivity and specificity, offers a reliable alternative. In this study, urine samples from 50 dogs in Kerman, southeastern Iran, were tested for Leptospira DNA using PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene. Leptospira DNA was detected in 6 out of 50 samples (12%). These results confirm the presence of Leptospira in the canine population of Kerman, highlighting a potential zoonotic risk. Enhanced surveillance and preventive measures are recommended to reduce public health impact. http://injvr.com/article-1-105-en.pdf Leptospira Urine samples PCR Dog Kerman City eng 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2026-01 6 1 25 33 article A. Jamshidi amirjamshididvm@gmail.com 1 B. Akhtardanesh akhtardanesh@uk.ac.ir 2 Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 30–40% of cats over 10 years old, highlighting the need to identify modifiable dietary risk factors. This case-control study (2021–2023) evaluated pre-morbid diets in 194 client-owned cats (97 CKD cases, 97 controls) from southeastern Iran, excluding those with comorbidities and exclusively outdoor housing. CKD diagnosis was based on IRIS criteria (serum creatinine ≥1.6 mg/dL, urine specific gravity <1.030/proteinuria). Dietary intake was assessed using validated owner questionnaires, categorizing diets as commercial dry/wet, non-formulated homemade, or veterinary-formulated mixed diets. Cats with CKD had significantly higher creatinine levels (2.1 vs. 1.4 mg/dL, p<0.001), with 65% at IRIS Stage 2. Non-formulated homemade diets (28.9% vs. 16.5% controls; OR=2.1, p=0.04) and commercial wet foods (29.9% vs. 16.5%; OR=2.1, p=0.027) were associated with increased CKD risk, whereas veterinary-formulated mixed diets were protective (10.3% vs. 22.7%; OR=0.4, p=0.02). Subgroup analyses linked non-formulated diets to underweight status (p=0.003) and dry food consumption to obesity (p=0.01). These findings emphasize the critical role of diet formulation quality, particularly phosphorus-protein balance, in mitigating renal stress. Despite the observational design and potential residual confounders limiting causal inference, results support early nutritional counseling, IRIS-aligned diets, and routine screening to prevent CKD in aging cats. Future research should explore biomarker-guided dietary interventions to enhance feline renal health.   http://injvr.com/article-1-103-en.pdf Chronic kidney disease (CKD) Domestic cats Veterinary-formulated diets Dietary risk factors eng 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2026-01 6 1 35 44 article R. Mahdavi ryhanhmhdwy7@gmail.com 1 A. Ahmadi Amin-ahmadi@ardakan.ac.ir 2 M. Mazrouei Sebdani mohammadmazrouei93@gmail.com 3 B. KheirKhah Kherkhah@gmail.com 4 Department of veterinary medicine, Baft Branch Islamic Azad University, Baft, Iran Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ardakan University, P.O. Box 184, Ardakan, Iran. Department of veterinary medicine, Baft Branch Islamic Azad University, Baft, Iran Department of veterinary medicine, Baft Branch Islamic Azad University, Baft, Iran This study assessed the prevalence of Theileria species in sheep from Kerman, Southeastern Iran, using semi-nested PCR. Fifty blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of sheep, prepared for microscopic examination, and stored at −20 °C for molecular analysis. Simultaneously, ticks were collected and identified. Molecular diagnostics detected Theileria DNA in 44% (22/50) of samples, all identified as Theileria ovis, compared to 20% prevalence detected by microscopy, demonstrating the superior sensitivity of molecular methods. The tick Hyalomma anatolicum was confirmed as the primary vector. The high prevalence of pathogenic T. ovis emphasizes the importance of molecular surveillance and targeted control strategies to reduce the impact of theileriosis on sheep health and productivity in the region. http://injvr.com/article-1-106-en.pdf Theileria Sheep Semi-nested PCR Kerman Iran eng 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2026-01 6 1 45 50 article M. Pal drmayankpalvet@gmail.com 1 A. Aalisha 2 Veterinary College Anjora Durg Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, college of Veterinary Science & AH, Anjora, DSVCKV, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India This case report describes the successful treatment of pyometra caused by multi-drug resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae in a 5-year-old Labrador Retriever. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed resistance to commonly used antibiotics, including amoxicillin-clavulanate, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin, but sensitivity to cefoperazone/sulbactam, a third-generation cephalosporin combined with a beta-lactamase inhibitor. The therapeutic regimen involved cefoperazone/sulbactam in combination with trypsin-chymotrypsin enzyme therapy, aimed at enhancing drug efficacy by facilitating necrotic tissue clearance and promoting resolution of inflammation. This combined treatment led to complete clinical recovery, underscoring its potential as an effective alternative for managing severe open pyometra cases when surgical intervention is contraindicated. http://injvr.com/article-1-99-en.pdf Cefoperazone-sulbactam Trypsin-chymotrypsin Pyometra Klebsiella pneumoniae Multi-drug resistant eng 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2026-01 6 1 51 63 article S. Namroodi namroodi@gau.ac.ir 1 H. Staji hstaji@semnan.ac.ir 2 Department of Environmental sciences, Faculty of fisheries and environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. Salmonella spp., the causative agents of salmonellosis, can cause severe illness in immunocompromised warm-blooded animals. European pond turtles (Emys orbicularis), common in freshwater habitats of rural Golestan Province, Iran, may act as asymptomatic reservoirs of Salmonella. Fecal samples from 105 turtles were collected using sterile swabs for detection of Salmonella via conventional culture and PCR. Positive samples underwent serotyping, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed against 14 commonly used antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine. The overall prevalence of Salmonella was 16.6%, with females showing a higher infection rate (18%) than males (14.5%). Juvenile turtles (<1 year) exhibited the highest prevalence. Seasonal variation was significant, with increased infections in summer versus spring. Identified serotypes included S. Typhimurium (41.1%), S. Enteritidis (29.4%), S. Dublin (11.7%), S. Arizonae (5.8%), and S. Houtenae (5.8%). Antimicrobial resistance varied by serotype, showing highest resistance to enrofloxacin and lowest to gentamicin. The presence of zoonotic Salmonella serotypes highlights the turtles’ role in pathogen persistence and transmission in the region. Public health interventions, including hygiene education for turtle handling, proper husbandry, and safe water and food practices, are essential to mitigate zoonotic risk, especially for children. http://injvr.com/article-1-96-en.pdf Salmonella European pond turtle transmission Golestan Iran eng 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2026-01 6 1 65 93 article M. Roudaki 1 M. Nikzad 2 Department of Avian Health and Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Department of Avian Health and Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Avian coccidiosis, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria, remains one of the most economically important diseases in poultry, particularly chickens, with profound impacts on global food security. The disease leads to reduced growth performance, poor feed conversion, increased mortality, and substantial treatment costs. While clinical outbreaks are easily identified, subclinical infections—responsible for nearly 70% of the total economic losses—often remain undetected, causing chronic productivity decline. This review provides an integrated perspective on the epidemiology, economic burden, host–parasite interactions, diagnostic advances, and control measures against avian coccidiosis. Seven classical Eimeria species (E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. necatrix, E. brunetti, E. mitis, and E. praecox) along with three cryptic Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) exhibit species-specific pathogenicity and intestinal tropism. Globally, the disease has a pooled prevalence of ~44%, with higher incidence in warm and humid regions, and causes annual losses exceeding £10 billion. Although anticoccidial drugs remain the cornerstone of control, resistance is widespread, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable alternatives. Promising strategies include phytogenic compounds, probiotics, and a new generation of vaccines—ranging from live attenuated and subunit formulations to vector-based platforms—though challenges in cost, production, and efficacy remain. Molecular diagnostics (PCR, qPCR, NGS) are increasingly valuable for species-level identification and epidemiological monitoring. Ultimately, an integrated control strategy that combines advanced diagnostics, effective vaccination, and novel therapeutics is essential for mitigating the burden of coccidiosis and ensuring sustainable poultry production. This review also identifies critical knowledge gaps and research priorities needed to develop innovative solutions for long-term control. http://injvr.com/article-1-110-en.pdf Coccidiosis Eimeria spp. Poultry Control per 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2026-01 6 1 95 110 article M. Alizadeh Barogh 1 A. Mahmoodzadeh 2 R. Kazempoor 3 Sh. Alavinejad 4 Department of Biology, Roodehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rodehen, Iran Department of Biology, Roodehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rodehen, Iran Department of Veterinary Hygine, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran - IRAN Department of Aquatic Health and Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran This study was performed to evaluate the effects of feeding with Bactocell® (BA) on microbial flora and morphology of intestine, growth performance, and antioxidant defense in koi fish. 300 koi fish were divided into four groups with three replications. Groups included control group (basic diet, BD), T1 (0.02 g BA / kg BD), T2 (0.03 g BA / kg BD) and T3 (0.04 g BA / kg basal diet). The studied fish were fed these diets for 60 days. Sampling was performed at the end of the test to evaluate the growth performance, microbial flora and morphology of fish intestines. Also, the effect of probiotic on the plasma antioxidant indices was evaluated on days 0, 30, and 60. Based on the results, the highest growth rate of Lactobacillus colonies was observed in the T1 group (p<0.05). The highest increase in length and width of the intestinal fold was reported in T1 (p<0.05). The highest growth rate was recorded in T3 and then T2 and T1 compared to the control group (p<0.05). The results also showed an increase in antioxidant defense and a decrease in oxidative stress in groups fed BA. The highest increase in SOD was reported in T1 (p<0.05) while no significant difference was observed in plasma MDA level at the end of the experiment (p>0.05). Generally, the results showed the positive effects of feeding with BA on the growth performance and antioxidant defense of ornamental Koi fish.   http://injvr.com/article-1-112-en.pdf Pediococcus acidilactici Koi fish SOD MDA per 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2026-01 6 1 111 128 article M. Muralidharan 1 S. Vijayaram 2 M. Gnaniah Ebbie 3 M. Venkatesan 4 M. Gobi 5 Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi 627 412, Tamil Nadu, India Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Thandalam, Chennai- 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India Department of Botany, Presidency College (Autonomous), Chennai - 600 005, Tamil Nadu, India Department of Botany, Sourashtra College (Autonomous), Madurai 625 004, Tamil Nadu, India Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Potheri 603203, Tamil Nadu, India The microbiome of guano in water bodies includes microbes linked to pathogens, disease transmission, and ecological interactions with soil and water. This study examines the diversity and composition of fungal communities (mycobiomes) in the freshwater ecosystem of Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary, originating from bird droppings, especially those of migratory species. Metagenomic analysis using Illumina sequencing identified 114,020 and 226,680 reads from two water samples. Among these microbes, fungi were dominant, making up about 64% of the reads, followed by Viridiplantae (32%), Stramenopiles (0.9%), Ichthyosporea (0.7%), and Metazoa (0.6%). In the water of the bird sanctuary, the phylum Ascomycota (43%) appears to play a significant role in organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Basidiomycota (18%) may assist in lignin breakdown and help maintain ecological balance. Rozellomycota (16%), often symbiotic or parasitic, could influence microbial interactions in aquatic environments. However, 1,269 organisational taxonomic units (OTUs) remained unidentified. This aquatic ecosystem hosts a diverse array of fungi. This is the first study from this sanctuary to profile fungal communities through Illumina sequencing. It offers new insights into the variety of fungal populations and their potential ecological roles within the sanctuary. The findings suggest fungal communities in aquatic environments are more complex and diverse than previously recognised, with various phyla contributing to key ecological processes.   http://injvr.com/article-1-113-en.pdf Fungal metagenomics Bird Sanctuary ITS region Water quality parameters DNA eng 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2026-01 6 1 129 137 article P. Gholobi parisa.qoloubi@gmail.com 1 M. Mazrouei Sebdani m.mazrouei@iau.ir 2 H. Iravani hi_iravani@yahoo.com 3 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, B.C, Baft, Iran Department of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, B.C, Baft, Iran Department of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, B.C, Baft, Iran The transition period in small ruminants, particularly the final stage of pregnancy and the early postpartum phase, is a critical stage often associated with electrolyte imbalances. This study aimed to evaluate the serum electrolyte concentrations in Raini Cashmere goats during this period. Blood samples were collected weekly from the jugular vein of twenty-four pregnant goats throughout the six-week transition phase. The results revealed significant differences in serum electrolyte concentrations before and after parturition (p<0.05). The lowest levels of most electrolytes were recorded one week postpartum. Serum calcium levels showed a steady decline from three weeks prepartum to one week postpartum, then returned to baseline values within the following two weeks. Phosphorus and sodium exhibited similar trends, while potassium and chloride levels increased significantly during the recovery phase. Magnesium concentrations gradually rose throughout the period, reaching their peak two weeks postpartum. These findings highlight the dynamic changes in electrolyte status during the transition period in Raini Cashmere goats, emphasizing the importance of nutritional management and supplementation to prevent deficiencies and support health during this critical stage. http://injvr.com/article-1-111-en.pdf Raini Cashmere goat Transition period Serum electrolytes Pregnancy Parturition