eng 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2021-07 1 1 1 7 article S. Kakoolaki bh443@gmail.com 1 I. Sharifpour 2 B. Ghaednia 3 F. Ehteshami 4 Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran. Nowadays, Shrimp farmers are suffering from wide spectrum of disease in type of viruses, Bacteria, and parasites. Certain parasites can enforce severe mortalities in shrimp. Among these, protozoa are also very important. The objective of our study was to determine the signs, occurrence, and intensity of unknown microorganisms. The experimental design included three groups, one treatment as infected shrimp or group B and 2 controls with non- infected but exposure to White Spot Syndrom Virus (WSSV) shrimp as group A and non- infected non - exposure to WSSV shrimp as group C in triplicate. The results revealed that unknown-miccroorganisms associated with a decrease in hyalinocytes and large -granulocytes (less than 8%) and a considerable increase in semi-granulocytes in group A and B in contrast to group C that Hyalinocyte increased. This infection made the shrimp susceptible to WSSV disease. It is believed that Hemocytosis causes a condition which can result in a rapid mortality among susceptible species, P. indicus when exposure to WSSV is occurred.   http://injvr.com/article-1-21-en.pdf Shrimp Penaeus indicus Unknown microorganism Intrahemocyte Mortality eng 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2021-07 1 1 9 19 article I. Adeshina adesina.i@unilorin.edu.ng 1 G.M. Madi Sajjad55550@yahoo.com 2 O.V. Adeniyi Safarmahasti@yahoo.com 3 S.B. Setufe Sajjad55050@yahoo.com 4 S. Pourmozaffar Sajjad5550@gmail.com 5 University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria Kwara State University, Malete Nigeria Kwara State University, Malete Nigeria School of Natural Resources, University of Energy and Natural Resources (UENR), Ghana Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar-e-Lengeh, Iran About 50% of fisheries are now supported by aquaculture, one of the world's fastest expanding food producing sectors. While there has been a clear decline in catch fisheries, there has been an increase in the global demand for fish, making it a sustainable business and top priority in the world. Aquaculture disease outbreaks, particularly those caused by bacteria like Erysipelothrix piscisicarius, are a significant barrier to profitability. Due to the high expense of antibiotics, the limited duration of protection they provided, the necessity for repeated treatments during prolonged disease outbreaks, the challenges posed by resistant strains, and the rising levels of hazardous residues in carcasses, the use of antibiotics has been discouraged. As an alternative, phytochemicals like phytol can be employed. This investigation looked at the haematology, biochemistry, immunological profiles, antioxidants, histopathology, and lifespan of Phytol-gavaged Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, which had been infected with E. pisciscicarius. E. pisciscicarius (1.4 x10 CFU/mL/g) was intraperitoneally injected into juvenile Nile tilapia (n=120, mean weight= 4.22g) before being divided among 12 1m3 tanks. Ten fish were housed in each tank. The fish were gavaged with phytol solution at 0, 1.75, 3.50, or 7.00 mg/g after 24 hours of infection, and 14 days' worth of clinical changes were monitored. The outcomes demonstrated that for the first three days after infection, the fish's body did not physically change. However, on Day 4, cracks were seen on the fish's head region in both the Control and 1.75 mg/g, and on Day 10, weak traces of blood surrounding the operculum of the fish grew more obvious. The fish gavaged with 2.50 mg/g phytol experienced the highest survival rate (60.0%), while the control group experienced the lowest (20.0%). With their lowest values found in the control group, significant differences were found in PCV, Haemoglobin, Heterocytes, RBC, WBC, Platelets, Lymphocytes, MCH, MCHC, and Hetero:Lymphocyte in fish (P 0.05). Fish gavaged with phytol had significantly higher superoxide dismutase, catalase, lysozyme, and respiratory burst activity than the control. The control group showed cryptal and surface enterocyte necrosis, intestinal villi atrophy, and gill lamellae hyperplasia, while the treated group, particularly at doses of 3.50 to 7.00 mg/g phytol, showed only mild to no lesions. The study came to the conclusion that Erysipelothrix pisciscicarius infection has a significant impact on Nile tilapia survival, haematology, antioxidants, and immunity. At the recommended level of 3.21 mg/g, phytol can also be used to treat and control the Erysipelothrix pisciscicarius infection in Nile tilapia. http://injvr.com/article-1-26-en.pdf Erysipelothrix pisciscicarius Nile tilapia Haematology Antioxidant Immunity Survival eng 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2021-07 1 1 21 26 article B. Malek Ahmadi b.malekahmadi@ut.ac.ir 1 H. Rahmati-Holasoo rahmatih@ut.ac.ir 2 A. Momeninejad 3 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Head of Baharavaran Nastaran Agricultural Applied Scientific Center, Applied Scientific University, Qom, Iran. The cultivation and propagation of ornamental fishes have been increasing in the last few years in Iran. GloFish is a registered and trademarked brand of genetically engineered fluorescent fish. GloFish® fluorescent fish are available in a variety of tropical fish species. In an ornamental fish farm of GloFish tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi), mortality of 20 to 30 per day was reported in juveniles and 4 to 6 per day in adult fish. Several fish were sent for sampling while they had been kept in their aquarium water. Wet smears were taken from the skin and gills. After the autopsy, the internal organs were examined for parasitic infestation under a light microscope. No internal parasites were observed. External parasites, including Dactylogyrus sp. in the gills and Tetrahymena sp. in the skin were detected. According to references, treatment with salt bath and formalin 37% were performed. A reduction in mortality was observed during the treatment period. After two weeks, re-sampling was performed and the samples were negative for Tetrahymena sp. and Dactylogyrus sp.  As a result, Salt baths and formalin were effective for the treatment of Tetrahymena sp. and Dactylogyrus sp. in GloFish tetra. http://injvr.com/article-1-29-en.pdf Gymnocorymbus ternetzi Tetrahymena sp. Dactylogyrus sp. Salt Formalin eng 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2021-07 1 1 27 40 article M. Ghasemi mohades@yahoo.com 1 S.M.J. Zorriehzahra zorrieh@yahoo.com 2 J. Daghigh Roohi javad_daghigh@yahoo.com 3 M. Faeed m_faeed@yahoo.com 4 Z. Eynizadeh zahra.eynizadeh@gmail.com 5 M. Sayad Bourani mohammadborani@yahoo.com 6 S. Haghighi Karsidani haghighikarsidani@yahoo.com 7 S.F. Mirhashemi Nasab mirhashemi_v@yahoo.com 8 M. Asgharnia mehrdad_asgharnia@yahoo.com 9 Inland Waters Aquaculture Research center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agriculture research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Anzali, Iran. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agriculture research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran Inland Waters Aquaculture Research center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agriculture research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Anzali, Iran. Inland Waters Aquaculture Research center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agriculture research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Anzali, Iran. Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Inland Waters Aquaculture Research center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agriculture research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Anzali, Iran. Department of fishery, Bandar Anzali Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Anzali, Iran Inland Waters Aquaculture Research center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agriculture research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Anzali, Iran. Inland Waters Aquaculture Research center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agriculture research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Anzali, Iran. Diseases are among the most critical threats to the aquaculture industry so that their prevalence leads to major economic losses. Monitoring for viral pathogens in aquaculture has high importance due to their incurability, speed of transmission, the severity of pathogenesis, and difficulties of their diagnosis. According to reports of goldfish (Carassius auratus) losses with suspected viral etiology in farms of Gilan province this study designed to inquiring about the existence of selected viral agents. Thus, the spring viremia of carp (SVC) and Koi herpesvirus (KHV) which are among the notifiable infectious diseases (OIE, 2019) were investigated by cell culture, PCR, RT-PCR, and immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). The results showed the absence of the RNA of Rhabdovirus carpio and the DNA of Koi herpesvirus in tested samples. Accordingly, 470 bp band related to SVCV and 292 bp band related to KHV were not confirmed in any of the samples in PCR test as well as neither Cytopathic effect in cell culture nor positive reaction in IFAT were observed. Hence, it seems that non-viral agents are the main causes of periodic population loss of goldfish in the surveyed farms and can be controlled and prevented by the health management procedures. http://injvr.com/article-1-24-en.pdf Goldfish (Carassius auratus) fish viruses Koi herpesvirus (KHV) spring viremia of carp (SVC). eng 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2021-07 1 1 41 51 article S. Najjar Lashgari se_lashgari@yahoo.com 1 A. Sepahdari asepahdari@yahoo.com 2 A.R. Babaalian Amiri alirezababaalian@gmail.com 3 Cold-water Fishes Research Center Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Veterinary Administration Mazandaran Province One of the most important main challenges in the production of rainbow trout trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Iran is the strong dependence of production on the import of eyed eggs and losses due to the occurrence of dangerous viral diseases which, while creating dependence on foreign countries, damages billions of Tomans annually to producers. This study was done aims to monitor and evaluation of environmental and management risk factors effective in the occurrence of certain viral diseases (IPN, IHN and VHS) in the production center of Specific Pathogens Free (SPF) rainbow trout in the Iran in order to achieve management guidelines and reduction of assessed risks. For this purpose, some physical, chemical and microbial factors of SPF center's incoming water were measured twice a month for 6 months from May to October 2017 based on standard methods. The results showed that the mean temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia and total count were 17±1.55°C, 8.32±0.65 mg/l, 8.98±0.37 mg/l, 0.08±0.09 mg/l and 90.50±86.58 colonies per ml, respectively. The result of the examination of the contamination of the center fish with IPN, IHN and VHS viruses was also negative. In general, the results showed that in the management of the production of SPF rainbow trout, the introduction of IPN, IHN and VHS viruses has been avoided. In general, the results showed that in the management of the production of rainbow salmon free of specific pathogens, there has been an avoidance of the introduction of IPN, IHN and VHS viruses. http://injvr.com/article-1-30-en.pdf Risk factors environmental and managerial viral diseases rainbow trout SPF per 4 International Journal of Veterinary Research 2821-1650 2821-1650 2021-07 1 1 53 59 article H. Kohsari 1 Department of Veterinary, Agriculture Faculty, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran. In this study, the effects of different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 25, and 40 μg L−1) of nonylphenol (NP) for 90 days on the physiological and reproductive parameters in juveniles of rainbow trout were investigated. In the group exposed to 40 μg L−1 of NP, plasma concentrations of 17β-estradiol (E2) and 11- ketotestosterone (11-KT) were significantly lower on days 45 and 90 of the experiment in comparison to the control group. With the increase of NP concentration in the environment, plasma concentrations of cortisol were increased on days 45 and 90 of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, in the groups which were exposed to 25 or 40 μg L−1 of NP, gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were decreased and increased respectively, compared to the control group. The results of the recent study confirm the disruption of the endocrine and metabolic organs in rainbow trout exposed to NP in the early stages of growth.   http://injvr.com/article-1-43-en.pdf Nonylphenol Reproduction Metabolism Rainbow trout