en تخصصي Special كاربردي Applicable <span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND), caused by pathogenic strains of <i>Vibrio</i> parahaemolyticus and other <i>Vibrio</i> species carrying the pVA1-type plasmid, has emerged as a significant threat to global shrimp aquaculture since its first outbreak in 2009. Characterized by severe hepatopancreatic necrosis and high mortality rates, the disease has spread rapidly across Asia, the Americas, and other regions, resulting in catastrophic economic losses exceeding $43 billion. The pVA1-type plasmid, which harbors the pirAB toxin genes, is central to the virulence of AHPND, enabling the production of binary toxins that disrupt shrimp cellular processes and lead to tissue damage. The plasmid&#39;s conjugative transfer capability facilitates its spread among <i>Vibrio</i> species and even to non-<i>Vibrio</i> bacteria, increasing the diversity of AHPND-causing pathogens. Environmental factors, such as poor water quality and high stocking densities, exacerbate disease outbreaks, while the shrimp&#39;s innate immune response often fails to combat the infection effectively. Despite advancements in understanding the pathogenesis of AHPND, including toxin mechanisms and plasmid dynamics, the disease remains a major challenge for the aquaculture industry. Effective control measures, including improved biosecurity, disease monitoring, and research into novel treatments, are urgently needed to mitigate its impact and ensure the sustainability of global shrimp production.</span></span></span></span><br> &nbsp; AHPND, pVA1-type plasmid, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, pirAB toxins, shrimp aquaculture. 1 16 http://injvr.com/browse.php?a_code=A-10-25-3&slc_lang=en&sid=1 M.K. Pazir dr.pazir@gmail.com 10031947532846001236 10031947532846001236 Yes Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bushehr, 75169-89177, Iran. A.H. Ahmadi a_ahmadi1985@yahoo.com 10031947532846001237 10031947532846001237 No Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Nano and Bio Science and Technology, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, 75169, Iran. M.A. Nazari ma.nazari89@gmail.com 10031947532846001238 10031947532846001238 No Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bushehr, 75169-89177, Iran. Kh. Aein Jamshid khosrow.aein@gmail.com 10031947532846001239 10031947532846001239 No Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bushehr, 75169-89177, Iran. M. Sharifinia moslem.sharifinia@yahoo.com 10031947532846001240 10031947532846001240 No Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bushehr, 75169-89177, Iran. O. Jafari jaafari.omid@yahoo.com 10031947532846001241 10031947532846001241 No International Sturgeon Research Institute, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research (AREEO), Education and Extension Organization, Rasht, Iran. S. Pourmozaffar 10031947532846001242 10031947532846001242 No Persian Gulf Mollusks Research Station, Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecology Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar-e- Lengeh, 75145, Iran